The EID 50 values were calculated by the method of Reed and Muench. In brief, 10-fold serial dilutions of rescued stock viruses were used to inoculate chicken embryos at 37☌ for 72 hours. The virus titers and infectivity were determined by EID 50 chicken embryos. Two H10N8 isolates, human isolate A/Jiangxi-Donghu/346-1/2013 (GISAID accession nos: EPI530523-EPI530530) isolated from the first human case, and chicken isolate A/Chicken/Jiangxi/102/2013 (EPI530539-EPI530546) from chicken in a live poultry market (LPM) that the patient visited, were propagated from 9-day-old specific pathogen-free embryonated chicken eggs. Here we evaluated this virus's pathogenicity and found that this virus was highly pathogenic in mice. 8, 9 Thus far, no assessment of pathogenicity of H10N8 was reported in any animal model. 8 Although the phylogeny and clinical characteristics of H10N8 viruses are clear, the underlying molecular mechanisms for their high pathogenicity in humans remain largely unknown. The infections coincided with the second wave of H7N9 outbreak in mainland China, causing three human cases of infection in Nanchang city with two being fatal. Human infections with novel avian influenza A (H10N8) viruses were initially reported in China in December 2013. 3 – 6 Human infections with avian influenza A H5N1 and H7N9 viruses are more commonly detected and can result in fatal pneumonia. H6N1, H7N2, H7N3, H7N7, H9N2, and H10N7 viruses have caused conjunctivitis or mild respiratory symptoms, or both, in people, although some severe cases have been reported. 2 However, genetic reassortment with different subtypes enables the viruses to infect humans. 1 AIV is generally considered species specific and rarely crosses the species barrier to infect mammals and humans. Avian influenza viruses (AIV) of different subtypes sporadically infect people and cause a wide range of clinical outcomes, from asymptomatic infections to fatal pneumonia.
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